Without a knowledge of jade, there can be no real understanding of Chinese civilization; the golden key to unlocking the mystery of world cultural development is He Yu.
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Gentleman has no reason, jade does not go away
In 1863, the French geological mineralogist De Moore conducted physical and chemical experiments based on the jade wares of the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty in China. The results showed that there are two kinds of jade materials, namely amphibole and pyroxene. Amphibole, also known as nephrite, has a hardness of 6-6.5 degrees Mohs, a specific gravity of 2.95-3.10, and its main component is a fibrous mineral of calcium silicate, which is a kind of hornblende. The color of hornblende is closer to the fat of fat and oil, pure white, commonly known as sheep fat jade, delicate and moist, very expensive, and extremely high economic value. Also, because amphibole contains a small amount of oxidized metal ions, it exhibits cyan, green, black, yellow, or the like. Pyroxene is also known as jadeite. Because of its best texture, it has an elegant name for jade in China. The hardness is 6.75-7 degrees and the specific gravity is 3.3-3.4. The pyroxene is mainly composed of sodium silicate and aluminum silicate. It has a faint crystal structure, a hard texture, a high density, a glass luster, and a clear crystal. Emerald green, apple green, snow white, and delicate lavender are the typical colors of pyroxene. The pyroxene (Jadeite, such as Jadeite) was heavily adopted by Chinese jade craftsmen in the 18th century. Therefore, most of the ancient jade articles in China are made of hornblende (soft jade, such as jade jade). Hetian jade's mineral composition is mainly composed of tremolite-yangshi stone, and contains minerals such as serpentine, graphite, magnet, etc., forming different colors such as white, turquoise, black and yellow. Most are monochromatic jade, and a few have variegated colors. The jade is translucent and has a greased luster after polishing with a hardness of 5.5 to 6.4 degrees. This is a mineralogical jade.
The jade in Chinese culture has a wide connotation. In the Han Dynasty, Xu Shen said in the "Said Wen Jie Zi" that jade, stone beauty and five virtues. The so-called five virtues refer to the five characteristics of jade. All the tough texture, the lustrous luster, the brilliant color, the dense and transparent organization, and the beauty of the sound of Shu Yang Zhiyuan are considered jade. According to this standard, the jade in the eyes of the ancients includes not only the true jade (hornblende) but also the colored stone jade such as serpentine, turquoise, malachite, agate, crystal, amber, and red emerald. Therefore, when appreciating ancient jade, we cannot only use modern scientific knowledge to distinguish between good and bad, but also must have a historical perspective.
China is a major jade country in the world. It has a long history of mining and a wide geographical distribution. According to the "Shan Hai Jing", there are more than 200 places in China for jade production. After thousands of years of exploitation and utilization, some jade mines have been exhausted, but some famous jade mines are still being exploited in large quantities, providing an inexhaustible source of raw materials for the advancement of Chinese jade carving art. The most famous jade land in China is Xinjiang Hetian. Hetian jade is the richest, the most colorful, the best quality, the most expensive, is an important source of ancient Chinese jade raw materials, the royal family used to love Hetian jade. In addition to Hetian jade, Jiuquan jade in Gansu, Lantian jade in Shaanxi, Dushan jade and Mixian jade in Henan, and Xiuyan jade in Liaoning are also common raw materials for Chinese jade.
There is a famous saying in China, called "the stone of other mountains, you can attack jade", which shows the true meaning of Daiyu. In fact, the jade artifacts that are ingeniously crafted are not carved out. Instead, they use the “solution jade sand†such as diamond, quartz, and garnet with hardness higher than jade, supplemented with water to grind the jade, and make the finished product. Therefore, in jargon, jade is not called jade, but it is called jade, or jade, jade, and jade. The skills of Saitama are superb, while the jade tools are simple. Until modern times, Chinese people have been using traditional tools such as wire saws, steel and wrought iron discs, round wheels, drill presses, semi-discs and racks to make jade articles on wooden lathes. In the Neolithic and Bronze Ages before the invention of Iron, most of the tools were even made of wood, bone, and sandstone. Such a primitive tool can honour such a wonderful jade, which is really a miracle on earth.
Good jade, summed up in four elements : material, shape, craft, theme, these four elements make jade beyond the natural attributes of its "mountain elite", and envelop the spirit of the people: the elite of mountains and rivers, the exquisite humanity. The elite of mountains and rivers is about the beauty of materials. Every piece of jade must be clarified whether it is hornblende or jade, or turquoise, agate, serpentine, crystal, etc., and further explore its origin. The exquisite humanity refers to the beauty of the jade, the beauty and theme of the sculpture, as well as the crafts and social factors that affect the beauty of the sculpture. Due to the differences in the jade materials of different generations, the different skills of jade jade tools and jade jade, and the difference in aesthetic tastes and customs, the use of jade and the role played by jade are different. The style and theme of jade are different in each period. In a variety of ways, competing for beauty.
Chinese jade has a long history and has a glorious history of 7,000 years. The ancestors of the 7,000-year-old ancestors consciously made the beautiful stones they picked into ornaments, dressed themselves, beautified their lives, and unveiled the prelude of Chinese jade culture. In the middle and late Neolithic Ages four or five thousand years ago, the dawn of Chinese jade culture shines everywhere. At that time, Yuyu had been separated from the stone industry and became an independent handicraft industry. The jade wares of the Liangzhu Culture in the Taihu Lake Basin and the Hongshan Culture in the Liaohe River Basin are the most eye-catching. The jade ritual is a symbol of the kingship and rank. The use of jade to bury is a means of praying for eternal life.
There are many kinds of jade articles in Liangzhu culture. The typical ones are jade, jade, jade, trigeminal jade and string jade ornaments. The Liangzhu jade is self-contained and looks deep and rigorous. The symmetrical balance has been fully applied, especially the bas-relief decoration technique, especially the line-finishing technique has reached the point where the later generations are almost impossible. The best way to reflect the level of Liangzhuyu is the variety of styles, the numerous numbers, and the inscrutable depictions of the jade and the animal face.
Compared with Liangzhu jade, Hongshan culture rarely sees a rigid square jade, but features animal-shaped jade and round jade. Typical objects include jade dragon, jade animal shape, jade hoop shape and so on. The biggest feature of Hongshan culture's jade craftsmanship is that jade craftsmen can skillfully use jade materials to grasp the shape characteristics of objects, count the number of knives, and portray the image of objects as vivid and vivid. "God like" is the biggest feature of Hongshan ancient jade. Hongshan ancient jade, not to win big, but exquisitely known.
From the analysis of large and medium-sized tombs from Liangzhu and Hongshan ancient jade, the Neolithic jade artifacts, in addition to offering sacrifices to the heavens and the earth, and the funeral corpses, also have evil spirits, symbolizing power, wealth, and nobles. At the beginning of Chinese jade, it has a mysterious color.
The legendary Xia Dynasty is China's first class society. With the accumulation of archaeological materials, the legend has gradually become a reality, and the culture of the Xia Dynasty is constantly being revealed. The style of Xia Dynasty jade articles should be the transitional form of Liangzhu culture, Longshan culture, and Hongshan culture jade to Yin Shang jade. This can be seen from the jade artifacts unearthed from the Erlitou site in Yanshi, Henan. The seven-hole jade knives unearthed by Erlitou originated from the porous stone knives of the late Neolithic period, and the engravings were accompanied by the double-line outline of the Shang Dynasty jade. It should be the Xia Dynasty jade.
The Shang Dynasty was the first slave country in China to have written characters. The Shang Dynasty civilization is not only famous for its solemn bronzes, but also for its numerous jade articles.
The early jade articles of the Shang Dynasty were not found much, and the tanning system was also rough. In the late Shang Dynasty, jade articles were represented by the jade articles unearthed from the Yinxu Women's Tomb in Anyang. A total of 755 jade articles were produced. According to their purposes, they can be divided into six categories: rituals, ceremonies, tools, living utensils, decorations and miscellaneous items. The Shang Dynasty jade smith used a lot of Hetian jade. In the Shang Dynasty, there were practical utensils such as jasmine (gui ghost) and sapphire scorpion. Animals and characters jade are much more than geometric jade, jade dragon, jade phoenix, jade parrot, and different forms of God. Jade people, or standing, or squatting, or sitting, have diverse postures; they are masters, slaves, and captives, and are difficult to distinguish. The Shang Dynasty has already appeared in China's earliest pretty jade--Jade. The most amazing and most successful is that the Shang Dynasty has begun to have a large number of round sculptures, in addition, the jade craftsman also uses the two-line juxtaposed lines (commonly known as the double hook line), consciously presenting a Yang pattern in two In the middle of the Yinxian, the Yin and Yang lines play a powerful role at the same time, and the whole pattern changes to the best. It not only eliminates the monotony of the full use of the Yinxian, but also enhances the three-dimensional sense of the pattern lines.
In the inheritance of the Yin Shang jade double-line outline technique, the Western Zhou jade creates a jade jade crafted with a thick line or a thin Yin line, which shines on the bird-shaped jade knife and the animal face jade. However, on the whole, the Western Zhou jade has no lively and diverse jade articles, but it seems a bit dull and too rules. This is not unrelated to the strict patriarchal and ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, political lords contend for hegemony, and there are hundreds of academic contends. The culture and art are full of flowers, and the jade carving art is brilliant. It is comparable to the Greek and Roman stone carving art of the Mediterranean basin at that time.
The Eastern Zhou Dynasty royal family and the princes of various roads regard jade as the embodiment of their own (gentlemen) for their own interests. They wear jade ornaments to flaunt themselves as benevolent gentlemen with "de". "The gentleman has no reason, the jade does not go." Every scholar, from head to toe, has a series of jade ornaments, especially the jade series under the waist is more complicated. So at that time, Peiyu was particularly developed. The spirit of the times can be reflected in a large number of dragons, phoenixes and tiger-shaped jade. The shape is a dynamic and beautiful S-shaped, with a strong Chinese style and national characteristics. The embossed grain appears with a hidden grain pattern, which is accompanied by a hollowing technique. The ground is applied with a single-yin line hook pattern or double hook-yellow line leaf pattern, which is saturated and harmonious. The head of the snake body and the first arched jade ornament of the parrot reflect the level of the jade and jade in the Spring and Autumn Period and the situation of Peiyu. The multi-section Yu Pei unearthed from the tomb of Zenghou Yi in Hubei Province, Da Yu Pei Pei, unearthed from Guwei Village, Hui County, Henan Province, used a number of jade pieces to form a complete jade, which is the most difficult process in the Warring States. Jade belt hook and jade sword decoration (jade sword) is the new jade that appeared at this time.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hetian jade was heavily input into the Central Plains. The royal princes competed with Hetian jade. The jade lamp of the Forbidden City collection is the standard Hetian jade. At this time, the Confucian scholars combined the ritual study with Hetian jade and used Hetian jade to reflect Etiquette thinking. In order to adapt to the ruler's love of Hetian jade, the Confucian traditions of benevolence, wisdom, righteousness, ritual, music, loyalty, faith, heaven, earth, and morality are attached to the various physical and chemical properties of Hetian jade. Following this, "the gentleman is better than the jade", the jade has five virtues, nine virtues, eleven virtues and other doctrines came into being. "The attributes of sputum jade, moralized by philosophical thoughts; arranging the shape of jade, religiously embossing yin and yang; comparing the scale of jade with gradual politicization." (Guo Baozhen, "The Ancient Jade New Interpretation" It is a high-level theoretical summary of ritual studies and jade studies at that time. This is the theoretical basis for the enduring culture of Chinese jade carving art, and it is the spiritual pillar of the Chinese people's love for the seven thousand years.
China has a history of 7,000 years of jade and 2,500 years of research on jade, which has earned China a reputation as a "land of jade". The early history of ancient Chinese jade articles, the length of time, the wide distribution, the shape of the public, the precision of work, the depth of influence, is beyond the reach of any other country. The Chinese have formed a deep-rooted national respect in the long-term historical process. The national psychology of jade, the deification of jade and the concept of spirituality and special power are rooted in this, and jade culture itself is an important part of Chinese civilization. The components have an incalculable and far-reaching impact on China’s thousands of years of civilization. The famous scholar Joseph Needham in the "History of Science and Technology in China" said: "The hobby of jade can be said to be one of the cultural characteristics of China, enlightening the inspiration of sculptors, poets and painters."
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