The sensory identification of Dyeing and Tianyu is mainly based on the characteristics of color, shape and hardness, mainly in the color, unnatural, single color, "floating" on the epidermis. The sensory identification of dyeing and Tian Wang is a long-term accumulation process. It usually observes more, practices more, accumulates more, and summarizes more, so that it can be handy in the identification.
With the promotion of jade and the promotion of jade collection, and the scarcity of resources and the driving of interest in Hetian jade, the price of Hetian jade has soared. The artificial dyeing of Hetian jade is a very old process. As long as there is a pursuit of jade color, there is the possibility of artificial dyeing. The original artificial dyeing was only the pursuit of the beauty of jade. As the price of the pretty king rose, jade dyeing became an important means of fraud. In general, the true color of Hetian jade is easier to identify, mainly white, cyan, black, yellow, green and other colors. In the identification of jade, it often encounters the phenomenon that artificial dyeing, ochre and Hetian jade are similar to each other. It is very difficult to identify, which requires the jade to seriously distinguish.
1, the color of Hetian jade
The color of Hetian Wang is formed by long-term geological processes, which are caused by trace elements (iron, manganese, chromium, etc.), geological processes, changes in ore-forming environment, changes in minerals in water and water, air humidity, and temperature changes. , Hetian jade surface weathering or the degree of development of cracks, etc. The color of Hetian jade is divided into two major categories: primary color and secondary color. The primary colors include the true color of Hetian jade, the different colors of Hetian jade: the color of the color, the color of Hetian jade and the surrounding rock, the color of the blend of Tianyu and stone, and the color of Hetian jade blending again and changing again during the mineralization process. .
The original color of Hetian jade can be divided into white, blue, yellow, blue, ink, etc., the blending between them and the participation of the impurity color in Hetian jade will also show different colors. People often name Hetian jade according to the different colors of Hetian jade, and distinguish different Hetian jade species, such as white jade, white jade, white jade, sapphire, topaz, jasper, and jade.
Hetian jade secondary color can be divided into natural secondary colors and artificial secondary colors. Natural; secondary colors are completely natural, such as weathering, infiltration, soaking, leaching, light, oxidation, some mineral components into Hetian jade, and some mineral components in Hetian jade will also change, making Hetian The original color of jade has changed and can be divided into sugar color and skin color.
The color of the sugar is due to the fact that the Hetian jade raw ore is exposed to the surface or near the surface, and is similar to the color of brown sugar by the iron oxide and manganese oxide. The artificial secondary color is that after Hetian jade is mined, it is made into various utensils. It is made by people touching, dyeing, burial, and then excavating the soil, and then changing the color caused by wearing and playing. The skin color is the color formed by the secondary skin effect and the skin of the Tianyu jade. This color can be caused by the weathering of the jade material in the air. It can also be buried in the ground for a long time, and the minerals contained in the groundwater are deposited on the surface. Caused by. It can be divided into two types: one is weathering for a long time, the skin of jade has been grooved, forming a thicker skin layer, and the skin layer is often dark yellow, dark and other colors, which is also the skin of the jade that people often talk about, from jade It’s hard to know the five colors inside. The other weathering time is shorter, the surface is only membranous, and often appears on the sub-material, and the jade color inside is often seen from the outside.
2. Ancient jade dyeing method
According to the descriptions of the "Guide Guide", "Jade Ji", "Jade History" and other books, the artificial imitation is mainly to use the methods of fire roasting, frying, soaking, dyeing, etc. to change the color of the jade, and the color of the jade The purpose of confusion. The common methods of imitation are as follows:
(1) Shantou: The jade is grilled with fire to make the jade color gray, which is very similar to the “chicken bone white†in the ancient jade. The ancient players also call it “pseudo-grey ancientâ€. Any hoe, there must be a fine crack formed by the fire, and the chicken bone is white.
(2) Yang Yu: It is made of ancient jade with good color and color. It is implanted in the leg of a live leg. It is sutured with a thread. After several years, it will be taken out. It will show blood texture on the jade, just like the ancient jade, but a closer look will be Will find that the real is not as quiet.
(3) Dog jade: kill the dog, let the dog blood stab in the body, put the jade into the dog's abdomen, suture and bury it: into the ground, after a few years, take out, jade will produce unearthed plaque, - the same shape Jade, but the flaws are also obvious, that is, with the color of the new jade and the traces of carving.
(4) Meiyu: It is made of soft, poor quality five, made of utensils, boiled with high concentration of ebony; soft place will be emptied by ebony water, showing traces like water, then using oil extraction method Coloring, posing, "puddle ancient." People call this fake product called Meiyu.
(5) Wind jade: After boiled jade with thick gray water and ebony water, take it out and put it in the snow. The time is about one day and night, the jade pattern is cracked, the jade is hard, and the crack is fine, because it Pretending to be an ancient jade cow has a tortuous shape, uneven thickness, and false.
(6) Rust: When this method produces Ziqing Emperor Qianlong, the specific method is to mix the jade billet with iron filings, then quench it with hot vinegar, put it into the damp underground for several days, take it out and then bury it in the traffic road for several months. At this time, the jade has been corroded by iron filings, and the orange peel has appeared. The rust in the grain is dark red, and there are soil spots, which are like ancient jade. Must be examined in detail.
(7) Oil extraction: It is colored by the proposed method and is called oil extraction. Among the oil extraction methods, the sand is used as the upper one, and the color is infiltrated with jade, and the gray cooking is very similar to its color. However, in Tianyang, the color is relatively fresh; when it is not sunny, the color is turbid, but the true color is not.
(8) Old oil: It is said that this method is very ancient. During the Northern Song Dynasty Xuanhe Zhenghe years, some people used a kind of red light grass produced in the mountains of Gansu. They took the juice and added a little sand, and they were marinated between the jade textures of the new ones. They burned the fire with fresh bamboo branches and made the red color Jade skin; its red is like chicken blood. Identification experts are often not observed, and they are purchased with a lot of money.
(9) Dead Jade: Jade is buried in the soil. If it is close to the gold, it will be restrained by the restraint, and it will be mistaken for mercury.
(10) Method of making loess rust: Apply the glue to the emperor and bury it in the loess mud. The rust of the loess will become more and more like the loess rust of the ancient jade.
(11) Method of hematopoietic sputum: Mix the pig blood and loess into a mud, put it into a large tank, and embed the jade in it. After a long time, there will be traces such as soil rust and blood stasis on the jade.
(12) Black spot method: There are two or three ways to make dark spots. First, the hot water is placed on the iron shovel. With the wax oil, the black spots will appear soon. Another method is to make the jade material in the ancient style, then use the old cotton to soak and wrap the firewood. Slightly barbecue, wait until the cotton is dry and then use water. When the black bone does not float on it, it does not whitish, and the black spot is made.
(13) Make the old like new, mixed with the old method: Jade has a look like new jade, actually the old king, because the fake person can not make the new jade become old jade, so the old jade is waxed, so that Nothing is different from the new jade, so that the concrete is old.
Although the ancient jade is subject to shackles; the luster and touch of the ancient jade husk are the same. After the work color is burned, boiled, chemically corroded, etc., the skin will leave a damaged part of the color, or the color will only float on the surface, and the details will be clearly understood. The jade falsification method is secret, and whether the above various methods can create spurious jade, still need to be further verified, here to provide some methods for literacy for collectors.
In the coloring process of Hetian jade, the jade stone to be colored is placed in a pre-formed coloring liquid container. After standing for a certain period of time, the stone is taken out for washing and drying, and then the stone is heated to a certain temperature to maintain a certain temperature for a certain period of time; Cool to room temperature and finally treat the stone surface with paraffin or other surfactants. During the above operation, the content of ferrous iron and ferric iron in the coloring liquid and the process control conditions may be changed according to the needs, and the color tone is adjusted to make the grayish or light jade color or red, brown, yellow, and maroon. , yellowish brown and other colors. The depth of coloring depends on the nature of the material.
Several colors are easy to confuse, and the way to identify them is:
(1) Bianyu: It looks like jade and stone, and has different colors. The color distribution is also like the ancient jade and the aging jade. This jade is actually the edge jade (edge ​​stone) at the boundary between the jade mine and the rock. The color is different from that of the ancient jade. In the native state, the process of rock metamorphism is not complete, or the formation of foreign minerals after melting, the position of the color, the divergence, the relationship between the boundary and the surface of the object and the color are obviously different. This kind of situation also exists in the jade in which the bears are colored in the weather.
(2) Skin color: The formation of skin color is different from that of side jade. It is a natural secondary color formed by jade in nature. Its color is black, red, yellow, maroon and so on. When many jade workers make jade art, some deliberately leave the skin color as "fair color", and some leave some skin color to show that it is authentic seed material (seed material is superior to mountain material, mountain material does not Leather color). Just because the skin color is a remnant of the weathered skin, it can be seen in careful observation. Its color is from the outside to the inside, and it leaves a loose state of weathered jade on the skin, its dense, shiny, oily head. The water head is not as good as the jade body, and there are often pockmarks and not clean.
(3) Coloring: The person who works in jade is a secondary color, and it is also an artistic processing of jade. At the same time, it is also used by counterfeiters to make fakes. The work color of the people began in the Song Dynasty. The jargon of the former people's work color was called "old oil", and later called "new oil". Perhaps people can understand from the pretty color that the jade carving art will bring more color to the color, and thus think of the human work color. The color of the oil is different from the color of the ochre. Although the coloring starts from the husk, it penetrates into the jade muscle along the cleft and the weak jade, but its color is dull and the level is unclear. The ancient jade color is produced in the dry century. Its extension, divergence and dip dyeing are very natural. And the color is a short-term behavior, they can not be completely similar. Unearthed old oil, many of the color in the skin has faded, shedding, and become plaque-like, but not as heavy as the color inside the jade muscle, this phenomenon is absolutely no true color.
The sensory identification of Dyeing and Tianyu is mainly based on the characteristics of color, shape and hardness, mainly in the color, unnatural, single color, "floating" on the epidermis. Enrichment along the crack or ridge line; edge transition is obvious, the boundary is clear; skin bleaching and fading, acid etching marks, frosting and polishing marks; under ultraviolet fluorescence, the dyeing and the side of the field have fluorescence reaction, strong blue-white fluorescence; Use Charles filter to observe and so on. For some old dyeing methods, such as walnut skin, organic dyes, etc., it can be identified by instruments. For the new methods of dyeing using iron salts and the like in recent years, there is currently no good way to identify them, mainly based on personal experience.
In short, the sensory identification of dyeing and Tian Wang is a long-term accumulation process, usually more observation, more practice, more accumulation, more summary, so that in the identification can be handy.
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